Adaptive management (AM), also known as adaptive resource management (ARM) or Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management (AEAM), is a structured, iterative. Get your files whenever you need right from your cellphone. Up to 10x better download speed. You should install it for sure.
Adaptive management - Wikipedia. Adaptive management (AM), also known as adaptive resource management (ARM) or Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management (AEAM), is a structured, iterative process of robust decision making in the face of uncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time via system monitoring. In this way, decision making simultaneously meets one or more resource management objectives and, either passively or actively, accrues information needed to improve future management. Adaptive management is a tool which should be used not only to change a system, but also to learn about the system (Holling 1. Because adaptive management is based on a learning process, it improves long- run management outcomes. The challenge in using the adaptive management approach lies in finding the correct balance between gaining knowledge to improve management in the future and achieving the best short- term outcome based on current knowledge (Allan & Stankey 2.
Objectives. Adaptive management needs to at least maintain political openness, but usually aims to create it. Adaptive management must therefore be a scientific and social process. It must focus on the development of new institutions and institutional strategies in balance with scientific hypothesis and experimental frameworks (resilliance. Adaptive management can proceed as either passive adaptive management or active adaptive management, depending on how learning takes place. Passive adaptive management values learning only insofar as it improves decision outcomes (i. In contrast, active adaptive management explicitly incorporates learning as part of the objective function, and hence, decisions which improve learning are valued over those which do not (Holling 1.
Walters 1. 98. 6). In both cases, as new knowledge is gained, the models are updated and optimal management strategies are derived accordingly. Thus, while learning occurs in both cases, it is treated differently. Often, deriving actively adaptive policies is technically very difficult, which prevents it being more commonly applied (Crammond et al. History. For example, the Yap people of Micronesia have been using adaptive management techniques to sustain high population densities in the face of resource scarcity for thousands of years (Falanruw 1. In using these techniques, the Yap people have altered their environment creating, for example, coastal mangrove depressions and seagrass meadows to support fishing and termite resistant wood (Stankey and Shinder 1.
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The origin of the adaptive management concept can be traced back to ideas of scientific management pioneered by Frederick Taylor in the early 1. Haber 1. 96. 4). 1. Two ecologists at The University of British Columbia, C. S. Holling (1. 97. C. J Walters (1. 98. Kai Lee, notable Princeton physicist, expanded upon the approach in the late 1.
UC Berkeley. The approach was further developed at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Vienna, Austria, while C. S. Holling was director of the Institute. In 1. 99. 2, Hilbourne described three learning models for federal land managers, around which adaptive management approaches could be developed, these are reactive, passive and active. Adaptive management has probably been most frequently applied in Yap, Australia and North America, initially applied in fishery management, but received more broad application in the 1. One of the most successful applications of adaptive management has been in the area of waterfowl harvest management in North America, most notably for the mallard (Johnson et al., 1. Nichols et al., 2.
Adaptive management in a conservation project and program context can trace its roots back to at least the early 1. Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) in 1. BSP was a USAID- funded consortium of WWF, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), and World Resources Institute (WRI). Its Analysis and Adaptive Management Program sought to understand the conditions under which certain conservation strategies were most effective and to identify lessons learned across conservation projects. When BSP ended in 2.
TNC and Foundations of Success (FOS, a non- profit which grew out of BSP) continued to actively work in promoting adaptive management for conservation projects and programs. The approaches used included Conservation by Design (TNC) and Measures of Success (FOS). In 2. 00. 4, the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) . The three components of adaptive management in environmental practice are: Testing Assumptions is about systematically trying different actions to achieve a desired outcome. It is not, however, a random trial- and- error process.
Rather, it involves using knowledge about the specific site to pick the best known strategy, laying out the assumptions behind how that strategy will work, and then collecting monitoring data to determine if the assumptions hold true. Adaptation involves changing assumptions and interventions to respond to new or different information obtained through monitoring and project experience.
Learning is about explicitly documenting a team. This learning enables conservation practitioners to design and manage projects better and avoid some of the perils others have encountered (Stankey et al. Learning about a managed system is only useful in cases where management decisions are repeated (Rout et al. Application to environmental projects and programs. The Open Standards represent a compilation and adaptation of best practices and guidelines across several fields and across several organizations within the conservation community. Since the release of the initial Open Standards (updated in 2.
TNC, Rare, and WWF), local conservation groups, and donors alike have begun applying these Open Standards to their work. In addition, several CMP members have developed training materials and courses to help apply the Standards. Some recent write- ups of adaptive management in conservation include: wildlife protection (SWAP, 2. CMER, 2. 01. 0), coastal protection and restoration (LACPR, 2. FOS, 2. 00. 7) and climate change (DFG, 2. In addition, some other examples follow: In 2. FOS worked with The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) to develop an evaluation system help NFWF gauge impact across the various coral reef habitat and species conservation projects; In 2.
FOS worked with the Ocean Conservancy (OC) to evaluate the effectiveness of this Scorecard in helping to end overfishing in domestic fisheries. Between 1. 99. 9- 2. FOS worked for WWF. In April 2. 01. 0, the Forest Practices Adaptive Management Annual Science Conference was held in Washington.
In 2. 00. 9, The Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration (LACPR) Technical Report has been developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) according to adaptive management process. Since 2. 00. 9, the Kenya Wildlife Service has been managing its marine protected areas using adaptive management in an ongoing process of learning through the Science for Active Management (SAM) Program.
Tools and guidance for conservation practitioners. Adaptive management as a strategy emphasizes the need to change with the environment and to learn from doing.
Adaptive management applied to ecosystems makes overt sense when considering ever changing environmental conditions. The flexibility and constant learning of an adaptive management approach is also a logical application for organizations seeking sustainability methodologies. Businesses pursuing sustainability strategies would employ an adaptive management framework to ensure that the organization is prepared for the unexpected and geared for change.
By applying an adaptive management approach the business begins to function as an integrated system adjusting and learning from a multi- faceted network of influences not just environmental but also, economic and social (Dunphy, Griffths, & Benn, 2. The goal of any sustainable organization guided by adaptive management principals must be to engage in active learning to direct change towards sustainability (Verine, 2. An adaptive management approach to creating sustainable community policy and practice also emphasizes the connection and confluence of those elements. Looking into the cultural mechanisms which contribute to a community value system often highlights the parallel to adaptive management practices, . Often this is the result of indigenous knowledge and historical decisions of societies deeply rooted in ecological practices (Berkes, Colding, & Folke, 2. By applying an adaptive management approach to community development the resulting systems can develop built in sustainable practice as explained by the Environmental Advisory Council (2. It requires, and facilitates, a social context with flexible and open institutions and multi- level governance systems that allow for learning and increase adaptive capacity without foreclosing future development options.
In an ever- changing world, adaptive management appeals to many practices seeking sustainable solutions by offering a framework for decision making that proposes to support a sustainable future which, . General resources. The software walks conservation teams through each step of the Open Standards. Foundations of Success (FOS) Resources and Training web pages list reference materials on adaptive management and monitoring and evaluation, as well as information about online or in- person courses in adaptive management. The Nature Conservancy. Also available in Spanish. Foundations of Success (FOS) .
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